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1. Remove blemishes

We're going to use the following image for this Photoshop tutorial:

Download this image to your hard drive by right clicking on it and selecting (when you use Windows

 Save Picture As...

The first thing we're going to do is removing blemishes in the face. In the following 

image I've marked which areas I considered needed a correction:

The reason why we're going to remove blemishes first is because we will have better results

 when we soften the skin in our next step.

The tool that we're going to use to remove blemishes is the Healing Brush Tool 

 which can be found in the tool bar:

Let's first add a new layer by clicking on the Create a New Layer icon  in the layers palette.

 Rename this layer by double clicking on its name in the layers palette and name it Blemishes.

With the Healing Brush Tool still selected, let's look at the option bar:

On the left we can see a black dot with a sharp edge; it means that the brush is going to have 

a hard edge (also called 100% hardness). Underneath we can see the size of the brush which

 is 19. More to the right we notice the selected Blending Mode for this brush. For this tutorial 

we're only going to use Normal mode. If you want to know more about blending modes then

 you might consider to look at this very detailed article by Jay Arraich: Blend Modes

The next option is called Source, for which we have two options; Sampled or Pattern.
Sampled means that we're going to use our image as our source.
Pattern means that we're going to use an existing pattern as our source.

In most cases you will use the Sampled option, because quite often we want the new area to 

have the same texture as the area surrounding it. Pattern can be useful if you don't have any 

descent area in your image that you would like to use as your texture.

We are going to use Sampled.

The Aligned option allows us to have a source area that follows our mouse cursor. Look

 at the following screenshot:

In this example the user has selected area C as the source (later we will learn how to set the source)

. The first moment the user presses the mouse button to remove a blemish (in this case at A),

 Photoshop will remember the distance and angle between A and C. So if the user now decides

 to remove a blemish at B, then the source will be D (same angle, same distance).
So you could say that after the user starts to use the Healing Brush that both cursor and 

source are 'glued' together as shown in this little animation:

The advantage of the option Aligned is that we always stay close to the area that needs to

 be corrected and that the texture resembles the texture we want to use for our correction.

Notice that the option Use All Layer is selected. This means that the source area doesn't 

have to be on the same layer, in our case the Blemishes layer. It also means that the result 

of using the Healing Brush Tool will be placed on the active layer, which is in our case the 

Blemishes layer. The Healing Brush however only uses those pixels that are visible in our 

document window, but like I said, it doesn't matter on which layer they are.

If you return to the screenshot of the options bar you'll notice that I have placed the letter 

A beside a littleblack triangle. Click with the mouse on this little triangle and a new window

will pop up:

We're going to use a small brush size for our Healing Brush Tool so we select a value of about

 20 px. We also want to have soft edges to avoid that our corrections are noticeable in the 

final image and that's why we're going to select a value of 0% for Hardness. The other settings have Photoshop's default values and don't need to be changed. If these values are different in

 your case then change them according to the values of the screenshot of the options bar.

The last thing we have to do before we start removing some blemishes is setting the source

 area. Move your mouse cursor close to an area that needs to be fixed (the source area 

and the area that needs to be fixed shouldn't overlap) and hold down the Alt key (option key 

on the Mac) and press your left mouse button; this will mark the source area. With the source

 area set you can start by removing blemishes by using your mouse cursor as if it were some

 magic brush.

Note: sometimes it's necessary to change the source area of the Healing brush Tool. You can 

do this at any time by following the same steps that we used to set the initial source area.

2. Smooth skin

Create in Photoshop a new layer on top of the Blemishes layer by clicking on the

Create a New Layer icon . Rename this layer to Smooth Skin by double 

clicking on its name in the layers palette.

Hold down Ctrl + Alt + Shift + E (Command + Option + Shift + E on the Mac) to 

merge all visible layers on the active layer (Remember this Photoshop shortcut,

 it's a very useful one) or in other words; the layerSmooth Skin will contain the image

 that was visible in the document window when you used this shortcut, which includes 

all the corrections we did to remove blemishes.

We're going going to use the Median filter to make the skin look smooth. Some tutorials

 advice you to use Gaussian Blur, but I prefer median because it takes better care of

 edges and it's exactly those sharp edges that we want to leave intact as much as 

possible. To show you the difference between applying Gaussian Blur or Median to 

our image, look at the following comparison:

Gaussian Blur		Median

Important: This tutorial was written at a time that the new Filter / Blur / Surface Blur 

wasn't availble in Photoshop. It's advised to use this new filter instead.

Notice that by using Gaussian Blur you're actually moving the blue that's in the 

background into the skin. This is of course something we want to avoid at all cost.

Now go to the menu and select Filter / Noise / Median... , enter a radius of 10 pixels

 and click OK. Set theopacity of this layer to 50%:

The result:

The skin now looks exactly the way we want it, but by using the Median filter we've 

blurred areas that need to stay sharp, like eyes, lips, hair, hat, eyebrows, eyelashes

 and the edges of the nose and nostrils. We are going to fix this by adding a mask 

which allows us to ignore those area that need to stay sharp.

We add a mask to the Smooth Skin layer by clicking on the Add layer mask icon

 in the layers palette.

Press the letter D on your keyboard to make the foreground color white and the

background color black:
Press the letter X on your keyboard to switch the fore - and background color: 

Select the the Brush Tool by clicking on its icon in the tool bar. Check the options bar:

Use the settings that you see in the options bar. Notice that we're going to start with 

a size 50 brush. This time the hardness of the brush is set too 100% (hard edges). 

You can change both the size and hardness of this brush by clicking on the little black

 arrow like we did earlier with the Healing Brush Tool.

Now it's important that you have your mask active at all times before you start using the 

brush, since we have to apply the brush strokes to our mask and not our image. An 

active mask can be recognized by its double border (marked with the red arrow) and

 the mask icon in front of it:

To be able to see what we're actually masking, let's turn on the equivalent of Quick Mask 

by pressing \ on your keyboard. You won't see anything happen, but let's paint on the

 hat inside the document window. You'll notice that the quick mask mode now marks the 

area that is going to be masked with a transparent red. Turn off Quick Mask by pressing \

 again and you'll see the area of the background layer that you've made visible by 

masking the same area on the Smooth Skin layer:

So that's the whole purpose of our mask in this tutorial, to hide the areas that are blurry 

and which have to stay sharp. You can change the color and opacity of Quick Mask by

 righting clicking on the mask's thumbnail in the layers palette and selecting 

Layer Mask Options... The following window will open:

In this window you can change the color by double clicking on the red square. You 

can also change he opacity of the Quick Mask color, which is by default 50%. 
Note: The opacity setting doesn't affect the layer or the mask itself, it only affects

 the transparency of the mask in Quick Mask mode.

Continue by turning on the Quick Mask mode by pressing \ again.

Look at this screenshot:

You'll notice that I have masked everything that needs to stay sharp (unaffected by the

 median filter). If you have a hard time to tell whether you've fully masked those 

areas that need to be mask, then do the following:

• if Quick Mask mode is on, turn it off
• Alt + Left click (Option + click on the Mac) on the mask's thumbnail 
• (see next screenshot, A) in the layers palette

This allows you to view (or edit) the mask in your document window and will 

show you pretty precise where you need to make adjustments, like in this 

case around the left eye:

You can return to the normal view by clicking on the layers thumbnail in the layers palette (B).

To create a clean mask you have to use the following guidelines;

• Change the brush size often. Instead of switching to the options bar several times
•  we're going to use a shortcut; press [ on your keyboard to decrease the brush 
• size or press ] to increase its size. There's also a shortcut for hardness; press 
• Shift + [ to decrease the hardness of your brush or press Shift + ]to increase
•  the hardness.
• Mask large areas with a large brush and a hardness of 100%.
• Mask small areas with a small brush and a hardness of 0%.
• Mask accurate edges by using a large zoom factor and work with a small brush,
•  low hardness of 0% and a low opacity (about 30-50%).

Also make sure that sure that you don't forget to mask areas like the corners of the 

mouth, fine hairs, eyebrows, eyelashes and the contours of nose and nostrils. For 

those areas try to use a soft, small brush with a low opacity.

This is the final result (after some slight sharpening):

Important: Give your browser enough time to download the "after" image

 or you won't see 

any difference

Note: you can reduce the strength of the effect by lowering the opacity of the Smooth Skin layer. In this example a 50% opacity was used to clearly show the difference. Personally I suggest that you use about 25%-30% opacity,

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